UC-NRLF 


557 


GIFT   OF 


-—    1 

STANDARD 
WORLD  LANGUAGE 


FOR 


INTERNATIONAL  USE 


By 
W.  JONES  CUTHBERTSON 


PRICE,  $1.00 


SAN  FRANCISCO 
1919 


STANDARD 
WORLD  LANGUAGE 


FOR 


INTERNATIONAL  USE 


By 
W.  JONES  CUTHBERTSON 


SAN  FRANCISCO 
1919 


^    u 


COPYRIGHT  BY 

W.  JONES  CUTHBERTSON 
1919 


INDEPENDENT 


FOREWORD 

THIS  TREATISE,  embodying  suggestions  for  a  com- 
mon Language  and  Speech  for  all  peoples  of  the 
Earth,  requires  no  apology,  as  the  immediate  need  of 
such  a  Speech  is  very  evident. 

The  present  World's  War  has  brought  all  the  Na- 
tions of  the  Earth  into  contact  and  commingled  them, 
so  that  there  can  not  be  a  more  opportune  time  than 
this  to  introduce  a  common  language  to  facilitate  their 
mutual  intercourse  and  so  bring  quickly  the  time  when 
the  ends  for  which  Humanity  is  fighting  shall  be 
gained;  by  the  Federation  of  the  World  —  THE 
LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS;  whose  Police— the  Interna- 
tional Army  and  Navy — composed  of  the  citizens  of 
every  country  on  the  Globe,  must  be  able  to  TALK 
together  in  one  Tongue.  There  can  not  be  a  better 
engine  for  Universal  peace. 

The  Tongue  suggested  herein  differs  from  former 
universal  Languages  in  that  the  Talking  part  is  the 
most  prominent  and  the  Literary  part  subordinate; 
being  in  fact  a  TALKING  Language  instead  of  a 
WRITING  Language.  It  is  made  to  fit  the  case  of 
the  ordinary  uneducated,  illiterate  person,  of  which 
the  great  majority  of  the  World's  inhabitants  are 
composed;  therefore  let  not  the  Reader  condemn  it 
hastily  because  it  looks  vulgar,  rough,  and  uncouth. 

It  also  differs  from  most  of  the  aforesaid  Languages 
in  that  it  is  not  an  attempt  to  invent  a  NEW  Lan- 
guage, which  History  shows  to  be  impossible,  but  an 
adaptation  of  those  already  in  existence. 

For  these  reasons  the  Author  believes  it  deserves 
serious  consideration  on  the  part  of  all  Humanists. 

2 


4  STANDARD  V7ORLD  LANGUAGE 

•  •  , 

3?Me  waiter  liortui.  is  not  put  forward  as  a  finished 
product,  but  is  simply  a  Sketch  of  an  idea  of  a  com- 
mon Tongue — an  OUTLINE  to  be  filled  in  and  worked 
upon  by  the  savants  of  all  languages  in  co-operation, 
so  as  to  make  plans  of  a  Language  which  shall  be  ac- 
ceptable to  all  nations  and  races  and  which  they,  there- 
fore, will  all  agree  to  use. 

A  few  private  persons  can  not  do  this  alone;  they 
must  have  the  support  of  those  high  up  in  the  Councils 
of  the  Nations. 

To  get  their  support  some  feasible  scheme  must  be 
set  before  them;  therefore  the  sending  out  of  this 
Booklet  as  a  starter,  a  nucleus  around  which  may 
cluster  all  the  ideas  which  already  have  been  and  yet 
may  be  evolved  on  the  subject. 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE  5 

CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

"Did  it  never  occur  to  you  that  all  the  noblest 
things  which  custom  compels  us  to  learn,  to  which  in- 
deed we  owe  our  knowledge  of  life,  have  all  been 
learned  by  means  of  speech  and  reason;  and  if  there 
be  any  other  noble  learning  which  a  man  may  learn, 
it  is  this  same  whereby  he  learns  it. ' ' 

In  this  saying  Socrates  emphasizes  the  importance 
of  Speech  in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge;  for  without 
it  Wisdom  or  Learning  could  not  be  acquired  nor  com- 
municating its  matter  be  possible. 

This  importance  of  Speech  and  Philology  has  been 
recognized  by  the  learned  of  all  ages;  as  witnessed  by 
the  abundance  of  books  upon  the  subject,  extending 
from  the  age  of  the  Chinese  and  Sanscrit  grammarians 
to  the  present  day. 

The  history  of  Speech  exhibits  an  Evolution  similar 
to  that  of  all  other  living  things.  As  from  the  proto- 
plasm all  the  several  genera  of  animals  have  b.een 
evolved,  some  developing  on  different  lines  from  others, 
so  from  the  original  Onomatopoetic  has  been  evolved 
during  the  lapse  of  centuries  the  intricate  inflectional 
languages  of  Greece  and  Rome.  So  also,  as  in  Nature, 
branches  have  stopt  short  in  their  development  as  the 
Chinese  and  Egyptian  languages;  and  others  again 
have  branched  off  from  the  parent  stem  in  different 
directions.  The  trunk  line  of  development,  however, 
corresponding  to  the  line  of  Man  in  Nature,  has  been 
the  Sanscrit  and  the  several  Indo-European  tongues. 

As  the  modern  Man  found  that  the  inflexional  sys- 
tems were  not  suitable  to  modern  use  they  are  being 
gradually  changed  and  disintegrated  and  the  useless 


6      STANDARD  WOULD  LANGUAGE 

genders,  cases,  and  moods  cut  out  in  like  manner  as 
the  useless  appendages  of  animals  when  their  environ- 
ment become  changed ;  and  so  finally  we  get  the  simple 
Anglo-Saxon  tongue  developed  into  the  modern  Eng- 
lish and  American,  in  which  grammar  is  gradually 
being  relegated  to  desuetude  and  a  direct,  simple, 
forthright  method  of  getting  at  the  thoughts  of  others 
is  being  evolved. 

At  first  blush  at  this  point  the  analogy  between 
Natural  History  and  Word  History  ceases;  yet  if  we 
consider  the  wonderful  rapport  established  between  the 
Animals  and  Man  by  domestication  we  may  also  con- 
sider a  common  tongue  among  mankind  possible. 

We  shall  therefore  proceed  to  work  upon  such  a 
Tongue,  taking  it  for  granted  that  all  thinking  people 
see  its  necessity.  Not  a  UNIVERSAL,  but  a  COM- 
MON tongue;  not  to  supersede  the  present  NA- 
TIONAL tongues,  but  to  form  an  INTERNATIONAL 
tongue. 

CHAPTER  II. 

GENERAL  PRINCIPLES. 

We  deduce  from  the  introductory  statement  that  all 
that  can  be  known  to  us  can  be  divided  into  two 
equally  important  parts — First,  the  existing  mass  of 
facts  and  ideas  which  we  will  call  PHILOSOPHY  (the 
Wisdom)  ;  Second,  that  which  interprets  the  same  to 
us  called  PHILOLOGY  (the  Word),  defined  as  "the 
most  scientific  way  of  arranging  words  to  express 
thoughts. "  It  is  this  with  which  we  have  to  deal  here. 

It  has  two  ways  of  expressing  itself — by  PHONOL- 
OGY (Talk)  and  GRAPHOLOGY  (Writing),  which 
latter  is  used  when  one  is  riot  in  reach  of  the  voice  and 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE      7 

for  recording  purposes.  Here  the  word  WRITING  is 
used  in  its  broad  sense  and  includes  not  only  recording 
by  the  Pen,  but  by  Printing  Type,  a  Keyboard  such  as 
in  Typewriting  and  Telegrafy  or  by  the  recording 
plate  of  a  Phonograf:  all  tools  invented  since  the 
word  Writing  was  first  used. 

The  Phonological  Arts  are  Phonetics,  Vocabulary, 
Grammar,  etc.;  the  Graphological  Arts  are  Phonog- 
raphy, Calligraphy,  Orthography,  Phonotyping,  etc. 

Surveying  these  Philological  Sciences  and  Arts  as 
they  have  come  down  to  us  we  find,  in  contrast  to  the 
unity  characteristic  of  the  Philosophical  Sciences  and 
arts,  disunity,  differentiation,  and  inconsistency  caus- 
ing innumerable  differently  built  up  tongues  making  it 
impossible  for  the  great  majority  of  peoples  to  be  able 
to  communicate  their  thoughts  one  to  the  other.  This 
is  a  blot  on  the  World 's  common  sense  that  should  be 
obliterated. 

This  trouble  has  been  alleviated  somewhat  by  scien- 
tists, by  whom  the  necessity  of  a  worldwide  language 
has  been  recognized  as  a  means  of  disseminating  the 
discoveries  of  Science  amongst  all  groups  of  scientific 
people;  so  we  find  that  professors  of  Medicine,  Natural 
History  and  others  have  adopted  Latin  and  Greek  for 
the  universal  nomenclature  of  their  respective  Sciences. 

Some  attempts  have  been  made  to  extend  this  uni- 
formity of  Language  to  all  purposes  and  all  peoples; 
but  the  difficulty  of  doing  this  has  so  far  been  due  to 
the  wrong  light  in  which  those  who  have  made  the 
attempts  have  viewed  their  work.  They  have  looked 
at  it  in  the  LITERARY  instead  of  the  TALKING 
light. 

Amongst  all  the  ready-made  languages  we  have  the 


8      STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

best  example  in  the  scientifically  devised  and  quite 
beautiful  language  ' '  Esperanto. ' '  The  trouble  with 
it  is  that  it  appeals  only  to  the  well  educated  and 
scientific  people.  It  makes  an  almost  perfect  literary 
language;  but  it  is  too  elaborate  for  ordinary  every 
day  use. 

They  have  not  considered  the  question:  For  whom 
are  we  to  make  this  language?  For  the  great  mass  of 
the  World's  people  or  for  a  few  thinkers?  We  say, 
decidedly  for  the  great  mass  of  the  people;  otherwise 
it  can  not  become  a  GENERAL  language. 

For  these  people  we  want  an  easy,  very  simple, 
short,  we  might  say  an  inartistic  language :  one  easily 
understood  and  pickt  up  by  the  great  uneducated  mass, 
who  are  too  ignorant  to  go  into  the  intricacies  of 
scientific  grammar  or  into  subtle  shades  of  meanings 
of  words  and  affixes.  We  want  a  Tongue  that  can  be 
spoken  by  Chinese,  Finns,  Lascars,  Arabs,  and  Negros 
as  well  as  by  all  the  Aryan  peoples,  and  be  able  to  be 
written  by  the  Stenografers  of  all  nationalities. 

Therefore  in  laying  the  Foundations  of  our  Lan- 
guage we  must  bear  this  in  mind,  and  make  its  char- 
acter accordingly — otherwise  the  whole  Superstructure 
goes  for  naught  and  we  shall  not  succeed. 

CHAPTER  III. 

THE  REQUIREMENTS  OF  A  WORLD  LANGUAGE. 

We  have  elected  to  make  our  Language  a  Talking- 
Language,  for  the  many  reasons  given  before,  and 
subordinate  all  literary  excellences  to  that. 

In  putting  together  a  Talking  Language  of  a  char- 
acter which  assures  the,  use  of  it  by  all  peoples  no  mat- 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE      9 

ter  how  illiterate  they  may  be,  the  following  Specifica- 
tions of  required  Qualifications  must  be  followed. 

(1)  It  is  to  be  founded  on  existing  Languages  and 
can  not  be  made  "  de  novo."     Those  principally  used 
to  be  those  best  known  and  used  among  commercial 
peoples. 

(2)  PHONETICS.— The  sounds  used  are  to  be  rea- 
sonably numerous  and  the  means  of  making  them  easy 
and  natural,  resulting  in  a  smooth  euphonic  product. 

Eliminate  all  harsh,  gutteral,  and  lisping  sounds  and 
any  other  sounds  not  pronouncible  by  certain  races  and 
nations. 

(3)  PHONOGRAPHY.— The    above    sounds    to    be 
represented  by  characters  simple  in  form,  easy  to  make, 
and  plain  to  see;   and  in  most  general  use  amongst 
civilized  peoples. 

No  letters  so  intricate  as  to  be  difficult  to  decipher 
allowed. 

(4)  ORTHOGRAPHY.— The  Spelling  to  be  PHO- 
NETIC. 

(5)  GRAMMAR.— To   be   reduced   to  a   Minimum, 
and  as  regular  as  possible  consistent  with  euphony. 

Do  away  with  all  Inflexions  possible. 

(6)  SYNTAX.— To  generally  follow  the  usually  re- 
ceived forms  of  Sentences,  and  to  be  uniform;  except 
when  uneuphonic  when  exceptions  may  be  made  as  long 
as  the  meaning  of  the  Talk  is  not  interfered  with. 

(7)  VOCABULARY.— The  words  to  be  short— gen- 
erally not  more  than  of  two  Syllables — and  easily  pro- 
nounced and  learnt:  to  be  culled  from  the  most  gener- 
ally used  and  ' '  apropos ' '  words,  especially  from  those 
used  by  travelers  and  commercial  people. 


10     STAND AED  WOELD  LANGUAGE 

It  is  useful  to  have  some  short  Title  for  the  World 
Tongue.  GAB  is  appropriate,  being  the  Scottish  and 
Danish  word  for  MOUTH,  whence  all  Vocables  issue. 
We  shall  therefore  use  that  name  until  some  better 
one  is  found. 

CHAPTEE  IV. 

BUILDING  A  WORLD  LANGUAGE. 

To  get  at  this  systematically  we  shall  divide  our 
subject  into  six  heads,  viz.: 

1.  PHONETICS.— The    Art    of    correctly    sounding 
Vocables. 

2.  PHONOGEAPHY.  —  The    Art    of    representing 
spoken  sounds  by  characters. 

3.  OETHOGEAPHY.— The   Art   of   arranging   Let- 
ters to  form  Words. 

4.  LEXICOGEAPHY.-^The  Art  of  making  a  Vo- 
cabulary or  Dictionary  of  Words. 

5.  GEAMMAE. — The  Art  of  classifying  and  mod- 
ifying Words. 

6.  SYNTAX.— The  Art  of  building  up  Sentences. 
Under  these  heads  we  shall  outline  a  World  tongue 

based  on  the  principles  already  enunciated,  with  a  suffi- 
cient description  of  the  Science  of  Language  to  make 
plain  to  the  Eeader  the  reasons  for  the  adoption  of 
its  several  items. 

Before  doing  this,  however,  we  shall  consider  the 
question:  Upon  which  present  language  shall  a  World 
Language  be  built? 

A  world  tongue,  like  the  permanent  Constitution  of 
a  Country,  can  not  be  made  to  order;  it  must  be  built 
upon  the  Experience  and  Work  of  our  Forefathers. 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE  11 

The  present  languages  are  the  results  of  the  work  of 
thousands  of  years,  and  can  not  be  lightly  overthrown. 

A  new  Language  therefore  to  be  accepted  must  be 
made  by  using  and  assimilating  these  results  and  con- 
tinuing their  evolution ;  and  must  compromise  with  the 
preconceived  ideas  of  the  people  for  whom  it  is  made. 

Recognizing  these  facts  it  is  our  duty  to  find  out 
which,  among  the  present  languages,  is  the  most  suit- 
able for  a  foundation  or  motif  for  a  new  one. 

For  the  following  reasons  ENGLISH  seems  the  best 
language  for  our  purpose. 

A. — It  is  the  one  most  generally  diffused  thruout  the 
Globe;  being  spoken  from  Australia  all  around  the 
world  to  the  West  coast  of  California  and  Alaska.  It 
is  the  ruling  language  of  India,  Africa  and  the  Malay 
Peninsula.  Most  of  the  Merchant  Marine  being  in  the 
hands  of  nations  speaking  that  Language  every  port  in 
the  World  is  acquainted  with  it. 

B. — It  has  a  greater  range  of  Vowel  sounds  than 
most  languages. 

C. — Its  Alphabet  is  that  of  the  majority  of  the 
principal  languages. 

D. — Its  Words  of  Anglo  Saxon  and  Norse  stock  are 
short,  direct  and  to  the  point;  and  when  written  pho- 
netically the  result  is  the  most  literary  sense  in  the 
least  space  and  by  the  least  effort  possible. 

E. — Its  Grammar  and  Syntax  are  amongst  the  sim- 
plest of  any  language. 

Therefore  the  Old  English  has  been  adopted  for  the 
foundation  of  GAB.  In  building  the  Superstructure 
however  all  languages  have  been  levied  on  whenever  it 
appears  that  they  are  more  apt  for  our  purpose. 

These  Points  will  more  particularly  show  forth  when 
we  come  to  consider  the  Subject  of  each  Section. 


12     STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

SEC.  1. — PHONETICS  AND  PHONOGRAPHY. 

The  Sounds  of  Speech  are  Vowels  and  Consonants. 

Vowels  can  be  uttered  alone. 

Consonants  need  the  aid  of  a  Vowel. 

The  Characters  representing  these  Sounds  are  Let- 
ters. 

The  LETTERS  adopted  are  those  of  the  Roman 
Alphabet,  for  the  reasons  that: 

a. — They  are  among  the  simplest  in  shape  and  most 
easily  distinguished  by  the  eye. 

b. — They  are  used  most  generally  by  the  most  ad- 
vanced literary  and  commercial  peoples  and  by  scien- 
tists. 

A.— VOWEL  PHONETICS. 


Aw 


This  Diagram  shows  the  simple  Vowel  sounds* 

On  the  left  leg  are  placed  those  sounded  while  the 
lips  are  in  their  normal  position. 

Those  on  the  right  are  sounded  with  the  lips  rounded 
into  the  shape  of  an  O. 

At  the  apex  is  the  primitive  sound,  the  parent  of 
all,  the  broad  or  open  A. 

Again  from  the  apex  descends  on  each  leg  a  gradua- 
tion from  the  open  to  the  closed  Vowels. 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE     13 

Each  GAB  vowel  has  a  long  and  a  short  sound. 

Reasons :  'Almost  double  the  number  of  Vowel  sounds 
are  obtained.  By  this  it  allows  shorter  words  and  for 
Talk  the  short  vowels  are  more  easily  uttered. 

The  English  pronunciation  of  the  vowel-letters  I,  "E, 
and  A  has  been  adopted  in  preference  to  the  Latin, 
altho  the  latter  is  more  generally  used — because  it 
allows  of  the  use  of  the  short  I,  a  very  useful  little 
sound.  The  Latin  pronunciation  of  U  is  adopted. 

Other  differences  in  pronunciation  will  be  noted  as 
we  come  to  them. 

B.— VOWEL  PHONOGRAPHY. 

LIST  OF  "GAB"  VOWEL  LETTERS.  (The  sound 
in  English  is  given  after  the  Letter.) 

A— ah 

A— short  in  "at" 

AA— "a"  long  in  "ate" 

E— short  in  "bet" 

EE — long  in  "beet" 

I— short  in  "it" 

Y— "i"  long  in  "eye" 

A— "aw"  in  "law" 

O— short  in  "hot" 

OO— «o"  long  in  "dote" 

V— "u"  short  in  "look" 

W— "u"  long  in  "hoot" 

U— the  English  "u"  in  "shut" 

EU — the  "u"  in  "acute"  (some  single  character 
may  be  found  for  this). 

R— the  NEUTER  Vowel,  as  "e"  in  "master." 
(Almost  any  vowel  sound  can  be  used  for  this,  such  as 
the  sounds  in  the  last  syllables  of  "doctor,"  "na- 
ture," etc.  The  nearest  approach  is  "ur. ") 


14     STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

OI  in  "boy"  and  OU  in  "thou"  are  the  Diph- 
thongs. 

Two  additional  vowel  letters  are  used.  These  are 
the  inverted  V  for  the  broad  A  and  the  Greek  Delta 
for  the  AW  sound.  Both  of  these  are  in  the  printer's 
galley,  but  not  on  the  present  typewriters:  so  for  the 
present  we  use  AH  for  A  and  AW  for  A  when  typing. 

To  distinguish  the  long  and  the  short  vowels  the 
Letter  is  doubled  for  the  long  sound,  except  in  the 
case  of  the  I  where  Y  is  used  for  the  long  sound,  as 
the  double  I  in  handwriting  is  liable  to  get  mixed  with 
the  U.  In  English  two  regular  ways  of  indicating  long 
and  short  vowrels  are  used;  one  by  doubling  the  vowel 
letters  for  the  long  sound  as  in  BET-BEET :  the  other 
by  doubling  the  Consonant  letters  as  in  MILE-MILL. 
Doubling  the  vowel  letters  has  been  chosen  as  more 
applicable  to  all  words. 

No  new  Types  are  required,  but  if  found  desirable 
new  type  can  be  so  cast  for  the  long  vowels  as  to  make 
the  two  letters  in  one.  Double  U  we  have  already  in 
the  W. 

As  there  are  no  letters  in  English  representing  the 
Latin  U  (which  is  represented  in  English  by  OO)  we 
have  used  the  V  and  the  W  for  that  purpose:  V  for 
the  short  sound  and  W  for  the  long.  This  is  simply 
returning  to  the  former  custom,  wrhich  is  still  retained 
in  the  Welsh  Language. 

C.— CONSONANTAL  PHONETICS  AND 
PHONOGRAPHY. 

There  are  some  Consonantal  sounds  which  are  not 
used  or  are  difficult  to  pronounce  by  some  peoples  and 
races,  such  as  the  English  "  J"  by  the  Scandinavians, 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE     15 

the  aspirate  "H"  by  some  English,  the  "B"  by  the 
Chinese,  the  i '  TH ' '  and  Gutteral  sounds  by  many  peo- 
ple. These  sounds  are  sparsely  used  in  GAB. 

The  English  consonantal  pronunciation  is  used  thru- 
out.  The  only  changes  are  in  the  Phonography,  where- 
in the  English  Alphabet  needs  clarifying. 

No  Letter  in  GAB  has  more  than  one  sound:  all 
present  useless  letters  are  re-arranged  or  are  re-used 
for  the  representation  of  double  consonants. 

LIST  OF  CONSONANTAL  LETTERS. 

With  their  names  in  English  and  placed  in  their 
natural  order. 

B— be  P— pe  D— de  T— te 

F— ef  V— ve  G— ge  C— ke 

S — se  Z — ze  J — je  Y — ye 

L — el  M — em  N — en  R — air 

H — aitch  Q — kwoo  X — eks 

REMARKS. 

There  are  no  additional  Letters;  so  the  present  gal- 
ley can  be  used  in  printing. 

All  the  present  Letters  are  used;  but  the  following 
are  used  or  pronounced  in  a  different  way  from  the 
English : 

G  is  always  hard. 

The  S  sound  of  ' < C "  is  dropt  and  "C"  takes  the 
place  of  '  *  K. M  Reason :  It  is  a  much  easier  letter  to 
make  and  is  much  more  artistic. 

V  is  used  for  a  Consonant  as  well  as  for  the  short 
Vowel  U  as  it  was  in  olden  times.  Y  is  also  used  as  a 
Consonant  at  the  commencement  of  words. 


10     STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

R,  as  well  as  being  made  the  sign  for  the  Neuter 
Vowel,  is  also  used  as  a  Consonant.  It  is  not  pro- 
nounced with  a  rolling  or  burr  sound  and  "L"  or 
"W"  is  often  substituted. 

Q  and  X  are  used  for  combinations  of  consonants 
as  shown. 

For  TH  "F,"  "D,"  "Z,"  or  "T"  is  generally 
substituted. 

SEC.  2 — GRAMMAR  AND  SYNTAX. 

TALK  is  the  Art  of  combining  VOCABLES  into 
words  and  Words  into  Sentences  so  that  they  may  be 
used  for  the  inter-communication  of  thoughts  and 
ideas.  From  Icelandic — Tala,  to  speak. 

To  record  these  vocables  so  arranged  we  use  the  Art 
of  WRITING  and  its  substitutes,  and  the  Art  of  ar- 
ranging LETTERS  to  form  words  is  ORTHOGRAPHY 
or  SPELLING. 

Simple  WORDS  or  ROOTS  are  modified  by  the  use 
of  certain  AFFIXES  or  Additions ;  when  added  to  the 
beginning  of  a  Word  called  Prefixes,  when  added  to 
the  end  of  words  called  Suffixes.  The  Rules  governing 
these  are  GRAMMAR. 

The  Science  of  Language  gives  us  the  PARTS  OF 
SPEECH  and  their  Offices. 

They  are:  Verbs,  Nouns  and  Pronouns,  Adjectives, 
Adverbs,  Conjunctions,  and  Prepositions. 

The  Arrangement  in  a  SENTENCE  is : 

123 

SUBJECT  PREDICATE  OBJECT 

noun  verb  noun 

Arrangement  of  Sentence  with  Qualifiers  and  Modi- 
fiers is  as  follows: 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE     17 

(a)  adjectives  (b)  noun  or  pronoun  (c)  preposi- 
tional adjective  (d)  adverb  (e)  verb  (f)  adjectives 
(g)  noun  or  pronoun  (h)  prepositional  adjectives. 

The  Modifying  and  Qualifying  words  and  phrases 
are  Adjectives  for  nouns  and  Adverbs  for  verbs,  adjec- 
tives, adverbs. 

EXAMPLE. 

(A)  Intelligent  (B)  people  (C)  of  all  nationalities 
(D)  very  easily  (E)  learn  (F)  a  simple  and  uniform 
(G)  language  (H)  like  Gab. 

Inflexions,  conjugations  and  declensions  are  practi- 
cally abolished.  The  Grammar  and  Syntax  are  made 
as  UNIFORM  as  possible  consistent  with  Euphony; 
the  Meaning  being  got  at  by  the  RELATIVE  POSI- 
TION of  Parts  of  Speech;  both  in  their  relation  to 
one  another  and  in  a  sentence. 

1.  VERBS. 

The  Verb  is  the  WORD  proper  of  the  Sentence, 
representing  DOING  and  BEING.  The  1st— the  Active 
voice;  the  2nd — the  Passive.  There  is  no  difference  in 
inflexion  between  the  Active  and  Passive  Verbs  in  Gab. 

From  the  VERB  is  derived  a  corresponding  Noun, 
Adjective  and  Adverb;  spelt  the  same  or  very  simi- 
larly, e.  g. : 

Tu  LIV  has  LYF  (the  noun),  LYV  (the  adjective), 
LYVLI  (the  adverb). 

Tenses  and  Moods  are  got  from  the  Root  by 
AUXILIARY  WORDS  and  there  is  no  Person,  Num- 
ber nor  Participles;  excepting  the  Past  Tense  which  is 
made  from  the  verb  by  the  suffixes — d,  ed,  or  t. 

Auxiliary  Words  are  DID,  WIL  and  CAN. 


18     STAND ARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

TENSES :  only  Past,  Present  and  Future. 

Tu  LUV. 

Past  Present  Future 

Active — Me  luvd  Me  luv  Me  wil  luv 

Passive — Me  b  luvd  Me  b  luv          Me  wil  b  luv 

The  auxiliary  "did"  may  be  used  for  Past  Tense 
for  emphasis  or  convenience. 

MOOD — Besides  the  Assertive  Mood  above  given 
there  is  the  POTENTIAL  Mood,  made  by  prefixing 
CAN. 

Tu  CAN  DU. 

Past  Present  Future 

Yu  did  can  du  Yu  can  du  Yu  wil  can  du 

Prefix  UN  for  the  opposite ;  e.  g.,  UNDU — to  reverse 
what  has  been  done.  UNLUV — to  hate. 


2.  NOUNS. 

Inflexions  are  as  Follows : 

(a)  NUMBER.     Add  suffix  Z  to  singular.     Exam- 
ples— dog,  dogz;  fli,  flyz;  box,  boxez. 

(b)  GENDER.      Generally   no   distinction   is   made 
for  Gender,  but  when  a  distinction  is  required;  suffix 
MAN,  masc. — MAM,  fern,   for  Humans,  for  Animals 
prefix  HE,  masc.,  e.  g.,  Goot,  Hegoot. 

(c)  CASE.    Use  preposition  OF  for  possessive  Case. 
Appropriate  Prepositions  to  be  used  in  other  cases. 

.       (d)   VERBAL    NOUNS.      Adding    IN    to   a    Verb 
changes  it  into  a  Noun.     Example:  Mix — Mixin. 

(e)  Suffix  R  to  represent  the  Occupation  or  Busi- 
ness of  a  person,  e.  g.,  from  Count — COUNTR,  an 
Accountant. 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE     19 

3.  PRONOUNS. 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS  have  Person  only. 

Singular:  ME,  YU,  IT.     Plural:  WE,  YU,  M. 

Possessive  Case  is  same  as  the  Nominative,  e.  g., 
Me  bvc  —  My  book. 

CONNECTIVE  or  RELATIVE  Pronouns:  used  as 
in  English.  TIT,  TAT  -  This,  That;  WOT  =  what; 
W  =  who,  which;  QOD  =  that  which. 

4.  ADJECTIVES. 

Generally  the  same  Word  as  the  corresponding  Noun. 
Made  known  as  an  Adjective  by  being  placed  immedi- 
ately before  the  Noun  it  qualifies. 

COMPARISON  is  made  by  prefixing  MO,  MOOS. 
Example:  Big,  Mobig,  Moosbig. 

Suffix  ABL  is  used  when  a  thing  is  able  or  ought  to 
be  DONE.  Example:  EETABL  =  eatable. 

Other  affixes  are  named  in  the  Vocabulary. 

5.  ADVERBS. 

Are  sometimes  made  from  Verbs  by  suffixing  LI  or 
I,  as  Sense  or  Euphony  requires  it,  and  are  generally 
placed  immediately  in  front  of  the  Verbs  they  qualify. 

Adverbs  are  also  to  precede  the  Adjective,  Adverb, 
and  Prepositional  Phrases  they  qualify. 

The  intensitive  is  VELI.     Example:  Veli  gvd  man. 

6.  CONJUNCTIONS. 

Have  no  other  office  than  to  Connect  other  parts  of 
Sentences  and  are  used  the  same  as  in  English. 


20     STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

7.  PREPOSITIONS. 

A  Preposition  is  placed  before  its  Object;  which  is 
either  a  noun,  pronoun  or  pronominal  adjective. 

SEC.  3 — ORTHOGRAPHY  AND  LEXICOGRAPHY. 

In  GAB  the  spelling  is  absolutely  PHONETIC;  that 
is,  it  always  follows  the  Sound  of  each  Vocable.  By 
adopting  Phoneticism  it  is  easily  seen,  by  looking  at 
nearly  all  words  and  sentences  spelt  phonetically  and 
comparing  them  with  those  spelt  in  the  usual  form,  the 
enormous  saving  in  time,  space  and  energy. 

In  regard  to  Lexicography  the  majority  of  the 
Words  in  the  Vocabulary  are  those  of  the  English 
Tongue — generally  of  Anglo-Saxon  stock.  Words  from 
other  tongues  are  used  when  they  express  the  thought 
better  or  when  a  word  in  English  has  two  or  more 
meanings  or  when  the  English  word  is  difficult  of 
sounding  or  gruff.  Colloquial  words  are  those  adopted, 
especially  those  used  by  wayfaring  men. 

The  shorter  the  word  the  better  for  action;  so  the 
words  are  mostly  monosyllabic. 

It  is  premature  at  this  time  to  make  a  complete 
Vocabulary.  We  shall  therefore  confine  ourselves  to 
enough  to  illustrate  the  principles  underlying  its  for- 
mation and  leave  the  making  of  a  DEFINITIVE 
Dictionary  until  the  time  when  a  proper  deliberation 
can  be  given  to  the  matter  and  a  consensus  of  all  those 
interested  can  be  obtained. 

Most  of  them  being  English  words  with  English 
meanings  written  phonetically  according  to  the  GAB 
Alfabet,  it  is  unnecessary  to  list  them  here,  excepting 
a  few  to  illustrate  their  appearance  in  GAB  guise. 


STANDAED  WORLD  LANGUAGE     21 

Other  words  are  abbreviated  from  English  words 
and  others  taken  from  different  languages.  Of  these 
only  those  much  used  in  Talking  are  given  now;  leav- 
ing the  balance  to  be  filled  in  afterwards  for  the 
reasons  given  above. 

THE  GAB  ALPHABET. 

AAAAABSDEEEFp*GH 
ah      a      ab    aw     be    se    de      e      ed    ef     ve      ge    uh 

YIJCLMNOOOPRZT 
i-ye  it     je     ke     el     em     en     op      o       pe   air     ze     te 

YU         U         V         W          Q          X          AI          AU 

u  ut        oot        oo        kwu      eks          oy  ow 


*  The  sign  p  is  offered  for  the  consonantal  t(  V. ' ' 
«y»  however  is  used  in  the  Vocabulary  for  the 
present. 

Altho  this  Alphabet  is  not  exactly  scientific  it  is  a 
good  and  useful  compromise. 

TABLE  1— ONE  LETTER  WORDS. 

A  Scot.  li  A ' ' — all,  everything,  Universe 

A  Eng.  "eh"  interrogatory  J     she 

A  awe,  wonder  C     key,  insight 

B  to  be,  existence  L     element 

S  Sea  M    them  (col.  "urn") 

D  Scot,  "de,"  to  die  N     and  (col.  "un") 

E  he  O     French,  water 

F  effort,  power  R     air 

G  Greek  "Ge,"  the  Earth  Z     the  (ze) 

H  aspiration,  spirit,  breath  T     tea 

I  eye,  to  see  W    who 

Y  ye,  you  X     example 


22 


STANDAED  WORLD  LANGUAGE 


It  will  be  noticed  that  the  letter  words  stand  for 
Elementals;  such  as  at  the  commencement  —  the  Uni- 
verse which  we  first  question  and  then  wonder  at  :  and 
so  on  thruout  the  whole  list. 


TABLE  2. 

EXAMPLES  OF  ENGLISH  WORDS  SPELT  PHONETICALLY. 


A  F,  half 

FVT,  foot 

A  M,  arm 

FWL,  fool 

AAJ,  age 

FVL,  full 

AT,  aught,  anything 

FYND,  find 

BAAC,  bake 

GES,  guess 

BAG,  balk 

G  A  DN,  garden 

BI,  buy 

HAT,  heart 

BLANCET,  blanket 

HA  US,  house 

BOOT,  boat 

HAS,  horse 

BVC,  book 

HEVN,  heaven 

B  A  I,  boy 

HED,  herd 

BUTE,  butter 

INC,  ink 

BWT,  boot 

YS,  ice 

SCI,  sky 

JOLI,  jolly 

SCWL,  school 

J  A  I,  joy 

SNO,  snow 

CAM,  calm 

ST  A  T,  start 

CAAE,  care 

STOON,  stone 

COOM,  comb 

D  A  C,  dark 

CUM,  come 

D  A  ,  door 

CULCHE,  culture 

DI,  dye 

CAU,cow 

EEZI,  easy 

LAAS,  lace 

EEVN,  even 

LYC,  like 

EB,  ebb 

LYT,  light 

FAAS,  face 

MAAT,  mate 

F  AC,  fork 

MATE,  matter 

STAND AED  WORLD  LANGUAGE 


23 


MILC,  milk 
MAN,  morn 
MWV,  move 
NAAVI,  navy 
NYT,  night 
NOOZ,  nose 
NWN,  noon 
NU,  new 
OD,  odd 
GOLD,  old 
PAT,  part 
PA,  paw,  hand 
PLA,  play 
PAC,  pack 
PVDN,  pudding 
QEERY,  query 
QIT,  quit 


QYUT,  quiet 
RO,  row,  a  line 
R  A  U,  row,  a  quarrel 
RYT,  right 
RONG,  wrong 
T  A ,  tar 
TAABL,  table 
TOOTL,  total 
TYM,  time 
T  A  UN,  town 
TUF,  tough 
UTR,  utter 
WOCH,  watch 
WRLD,  world 
WWD,  wood 
WYND,  wind,  to  twist 
YOT,  yacht 


TABLE  3. 

SPECIMENS    OF   WORDS    TAKEN    FROM   OTHER   LANGUAGES 
THAN  ENGLISH  AND  THE  REASONS  THEREFOR. 

AC,  Fr.  arc,  arch 

SABE,    Sp.   understand;    used   on   both    sides   of   the 

Pacific 

SAL,  Sp.  salt 
SMA,  Scot,  small 

STAA,  Dan.  stand:   (n)  establishment 
DENT,  L.  tooth:  to  accord  with  derivatives — Dentist, 

etc. 

FAM,  Fr.  and  L.  hunger — O-fam,  water-hunger,  thirst 
FAC,  L.  make,  manufacture   (n)  Fact,  Factr,  Factri, 

etc. 


24  STAND AED  WOELD  LANGUAGE 

FINEE,    Fr.    finish:    does    away    with    hissing    sound 

"sfc" 

COL,  Sp.  cabbage:  xliort — whence  ColiflAur 

LAE,  Sp.  to  read — no  confusion  with  reed  and  red 

LOOCO,  Sp.  crazy 

PAN,  Fr.  bread:  smoother 

PLAZA,  Sp.  an  open  place 

TABW,  taboo,  prohibit 

TABLE  4. 

SPECIMENS    OF   NEW   WORDS,   ABBREVIATED   AND   ALTERED 
ENGLISH  WORDS,   WORDS   WITH   EXTENDED   APPLICA- 
TION, AND  COLLOQUIAL  AND  SLANG  WORDS- 

The  changes  in  English  words  are  generally  in  the 
direction   of   toning  them   down  to  make  them  more 
easily  pronounced  by  other  nations  and  to  make  a  dis- 
tinction between  words  of  different  meanings  but  now 
spelt    the    same.      Some    words   are    accompanied    by 
derivatives  to  show  the  methods  used  to  make  the  same. 
A  TZ,  arts 
BIZ,  business,  busy 
BUST,  explode,  (a)  busti,  explosive 
BEUT,  beautiful  being 
BEEE,  brother 
SELE,  merchant — sel,  a  sale 
SIS,  sister 

SPAUZ,  a  married  person 
SPUD,  potato 
STUNG,  deceived 
STUNT,  exhibition 
SUF,  suffice,  enough 
SON,  son 
SEN,  daughter 


i 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE  25 

DA,  dare  (U.  S.  A.  South) 

DA,  day 

DAZ  OV  Z  WEEC—  Munda,  Teusda,  Wenzda,  Trzda, 

Fryda,  Satrda,  Sunda 
DIN,  noise 

DINT,  strike  (n)  power 
EETS,  meals 

FEND,  protect  (n)  friend 
FO,  to  antagonize,  an  enemy 
FINC,  think,  a  thought 
FING,  thing 

FIT,  strong,  capable — UNFIT,  tired 
FUL,  (suffix)  full  of,  e.  g.,  givful  =  generous 
FOOC,  folk,  people 
GAL,  girl 
GAB,  garb,  dress 
GET  ME,  comprehend  my  idea 
GIT,  to  make  oneself  scarce 
GIV,  gift,  givr,  givee  =  receiver 
GY,  josh,  make  fun  of 
GO,  (n)  activity 
GOB,  sailor 

HEFT,  to  weigh,  hefty 
HEHE,  laugh 
HYC,  take  a  walking  trip 
YGL,  looking  glass 
IUN,  iron 
IN,  suffix  for  noun  of  action  or  verbal  noun,  e.  g.,  I,  to 

see:  YIN,  a  look 

CELR,  cellar:  to  distinguish  from  Seller 
CID,  to  banter:  (n)  child 
CULT,  religion 
CYC,  cook;  CYCN,  kitchen 


26  STAND AED  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

CRAB,  scold:  crabr:  crabi 

LUG,  drag,  draw:  LUGIJ — luggage 

MA,  mother 

MAT,  mart,  market,  exchange 

MEM,  to  make  note  of;  remember;  NOMEM  =  forget 

MEEL,  flour 

MEUZ,  mews,  stable 

MOOT,  to  move  by  machinery 

MUT,  stupid 

NO,  negative,  e.  g.,  NOMYLD,  severe;  NOWYD,  nar- 
row; NOSABE,  don't  know 

PA,  father 

PEP,  pepper:   (fig)  vim 

PAT,  carry:  COMPAT,  behave 

QEER,  to  knock  out;   (a)  not  normal 

QIT,  to  give  up 

AR,  to  row,  (n)  an  oar 

RVM,  EETRVM,  diningroom;  TACRVM,  parlor,  etc.; 
SELRVM,  store ;  BIZRVM,  office 

TAG,  speak  to;  LOT  AC,  whisper;  SMATAC,  small 
talk;  HYTAC,  loud  talk;  PL  A  ANT  AC,  explana- 
tion; TUT  AC,  both  talk-argue;  A  TAG,  general 
conversation 

TWL,  to  use  tools  or  machines;  a  machine:  instru- 
ment; TWLR,  a  mechanic ;  L AATHTWL,  RIVET- 
TWL,  etc. 

TUMI,  stomach 

UNO,  Uncle 

UN,  (prefix)  undo  -  reverse 

WA,  road,  street;  A  SWA,  WAGNWA,  FVTWA 
(trail),  RAALWA,  etc.,  WAGOER,  a  traveller 

WAAN,  to  diminish 

WAP,  wrap 


STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE     27 

WIT,  to  know,  (n)  wisdom 

YEP,  yes 

A  US,    house,    home;    WAARAUS,    warehouse;    BIZ- 

AUS,     office    building;     EETAUS,     restaurant; 

GESTAUS,  hotel;  PL  A  A  US,  theatre. 

PREPOSITIONS  AND  CONJUNCTIONS.— In  re- 
gard to  these,  for  the  present  the  English  ones  are 
adopted;  with  some  abbreviations  and  changes  for  the 
sake  of  euphony  and  distinction. 

For  example:  HYND,  behind;  VOR,  before;  YOND, 
beyond;  CAUZ,  because,  etc.  YOR  is  chosen  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  FA,  for.  HYND  A,  tomorrow; 
VORDA,  yesterday;  OFT,  often;  NOTOFT,  seldom. 

AFFIXES. — The  most  used  affixes  and  inflexions 
have  been  already  mentioned  or  alluded  to.  Those  indi- 
cating Abstractions,  such  as  ' ( hood, ' '  ' i  dom, "  tf  ism ' ' 
are  not  generally  required  in  everyday  talk. 

We  conclude  by  giving  a  few  specimens  of  shortcuts 
and  idioms.  CUTAUT,  to  remove;  FESTGAB.  after 
dinner  talk;  GETBI,  to  get  over  difficulty  success- 
fully; GIME,  give  me;  GO  TU  IT,  pitch  in. 

As  an  example  of  the  appearance  of  GAB  in  print 
we  give  the  following  excerpt  from  the  Bible. 

' '  In  z  beginin  beed  z  Wrd,  n  z  Wrd  beed  with  God, 
n  z  Wrd  beed  God.  Afings  b  maad  bi  it;  n  with- 
Aut  it  nufing  b  maad  tat  b  maad.  In  it  b  lyf ;  n  z 
lyf  b  z  lyt  ov  Man. ' ' 

' '  In  the  beginning  was  the  Word,  and  the  Word  was 
with  God,  and  the  Word  was  God.  All  things  were 
made  by  it;  and  without  it  nothing  was  made  that  was 
made.  In  it  was  life;  and  the  life  was  the  light  of 
Man. ' ' 


28     STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

CONCLUSION 

AH  stated  in  the  beginning  the  object  of  this  treatise 
is  to  make  a  Tongue  for  the  common  use  of  all  the 
peoples  of  the  Globe. 

To  attain  that  object  we  have  laid  down  certain 
Principles  and  Ideas  that  must  govern  it  and  applied 
those  principles  to  a  Tongue  appropriate  to  those 
Ideas,  of  which  the  chief  is  Simplicity,  and  have  given 
a  Description  showing  the  Construction  of  such  a 
tongue  concluding  with  a  synoptic  Vocabulary  illus- 
trating its  use. 

To  carry  this  work  to  fruition  is  no  light  task  but 
nevertheless  it  can  be  done;  for  Humanity,  with  its 
20th  century  experience  and  organization  can  surely 
do  it  if  it  wishes  and  sets  its  mind  to  it,  helped  out  by 
the  wonderful  progress  in  the  Mechanical  Sciences 
conducive  to  swift  locomotion  and  communication  be- 
tween every  part  of  this,  our  world ;  such  as  the  use  of 
Electricity  for  the  carrying  of  articulate  sounds  by  the 
Telephone  and  Phonograph  and  their  representatives 
by  the  wirely  and  wireless  Telegraf — bringing  all  the 
Peoples  in  touch  with  one  another,  annihilating  dis- 
tances and  thus  doing  away  with  dislikes  and  preju- 
dices due  to  isolation. 

These  things  are  bringing  before  the  whole  human 
race  the  great  benefit  accruing  from  a  common  lan- 
guage and  the  danger  resulting  from  the  lack  of  it  as 
when  communicating  between  ships  of  different  nation- 
alities at  sea. 

The  average  educated  person  may  object  to  the  un- 
couthness  and  rudeness  of  GAB  and  probably  consider 
it  a  going  back  to  unculture;  but  he  must  remember 
that  these  qualities  are  only  relative.  There  is  intrin- 


STAND AED  WORLD  LANGUAGE  29 

sieally  no  more  rudeness,  for  example,  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  "stink"  than  in  the  Latin  "effluvium."  The 
Norman-French  happened  to  impose  their  rule  upon 
the  Anglo-Saxons  so  the  latter 's  language  was  tabu  in 
polite  society  and  considered  vulgar.  Most  of  our 
American  colloquialisms  are,  however,  of  that  tongue 
and  therefore  it  has  been  thought  proper  to  use  them 
freely. 

We  must  look  at  this  thing  from  the  standpoint  of 
those  who  know  not  English  (which  are  those  for  whom 
GAB  is  made)  and  we  will  understand  that  what  may 
appear  barbaric  to  us  will  not  be  noticed  as  out  of  the 
way  by  them.  Also  we  must  remember  that  GAB  is 
not  meant  to  exploit  Ehetoric,  Poesy,  or  Scientific  dis- 
cussion; altho,  by  development  along  the  proper  lines, 
it  could  be  made  into  a  language  fit  for  these  things. 

We  now  leave  this  matter  in  the  hands  of  our  Eead- 
ers  to  continue  and  amend,  and  if  they  are  in  accord 
with  its  object  to  push  it  along  so  that  it  may  be 
gotten  before  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of 
the  World  for  action  when  it  meets;  otherwise  the 
flood  of  ignorance  threatening  to  overwhelm  the  World 
may  get  such  headway  that  it  may  become  impossible 
to  stem  it,  for: 

"While  timorous  Knowledge  stands  considering, 
Audacious  Ignorance  hath  done  the  deed." 

— Musop  hi  lus . 


30     STANDARD  WORLD  LANGUAGE 

To  achieve  the  ends  put  forward  in  this  pamphlet 
it  is  necessary  for  those  who  agree  with  such  ends  to 
get  together. 

A  World  Language  Society  has  been  formed  and  it 
is  the  intention  to  establish  branches  of  that  society 
in  all  the  cities  of  the  world. 

The  object  of  the  "  WORLD  LANGUAGE  SOCIETY  "  is 
to  receive  ideas  from  all  on  the  subject,  so  that  the 
same  may  be  co-ordinated  and  made  into  an  acceptable 
result  to  present  to  the  peoples  of  the  World ;  to  bring 
the  subject  to  the  attention  of  all  the  Governments  of 
the  world  so  that  mutual  action  may  be  taken  by  them, 
and  to  do  everything  to  exploit  these  means. 

"Make  no  little  plans;  they  have  no  magic  to  stir 
men's  blood.  Make  big  plans;  aim  high  in  hope  and 
work,  remembering  that  a  noble,  logical  diagram  once 
recorded  will  never  die,  but  long  after  we  are  gone 
will  be  a  living  thing,  asserting  itself  with  ever- 
growing insistency." 

Copies  of  this  work  will  be  supplied  to  clubs  at 
special  rates. 

Correspondence  on  the  subject  is  invited.  Address 
to  the  Author, 

W.  JONES  CUTHBERTSON, 

Secretary  of  "  WORLD  LANGUAGE  SOCIETY,  ' ' 
2265  Market  Street, 

San  Francisco. 


\.   JU9  1SM45   VJJLN     J.XUB   JUA.BJL    UA'JLJB 

STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


NOV 


1935 


APR  10   1936 


REC'D  LD 


NOV   11 


4- 


J>^ 


NOV     6  1946 


LD 


MAY   19    1948 


4m 


PEC* 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


COOS3flbS4S 


402695 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


